====== Team A - single MPPC (To-be-updated) ======
<color #ed1c24>Group members:</color> 
  * **Alex Sells**, UCL, UK
  * **Le Thien Nga**, Fulbright Univ., HCM
  * **Tran Quang Anh**, USTH, HN
  * **Vo Diep Trung Tin**, HUS-VNU, HCM
  * **Vu Quang Minh**, USTH, HN
<color #ed1c24>Mentors:</color> Dr. Thanh Dong, M.Sc. Thanh Nguyen, M.Sc. Shouvik Mondal

MPPC models:  S13081-050CS(X1), 4 pieces 
  * Operation voltage ~ 54.8V


===== Three main objectives =====
  * MPPC characteristics (noise, noice coincidence, electric gain)
  * Speed of light in the optical fibers/ Concept of TOF. We need to use very fast optical pulsing for this measurement to get more precise measurement. Will try to use LED-driven Beacon to get a pulse in ~ 2-4ns width
  * Cosmic ray muons: rate, and light yield, and at different zenith angle?

===== Allocated hardwares =====
{{ :hw2024_teama.jpg?direct&800 |}}
  * Oscilloscope for signal recording and digitalized 
    * It is connected via Ethernet and allowed to remote control from a PC
    * PC (IFIRSE #5, Ubuntu) is allocated
  * 4 pieces of single MPPC
  * DC PS for MPPC
  * Circuit board to be soldered by students, to provide voltage and get the signals
  * For LED Beacon, need other DC PS and Analog Discovery as function/waveform generator for trigger
  * Plastic scintillator (2.5cm (width) x 25cm (length) x1.27cm (thickness)) and wavelength shifting fiber (0.9cm diameter)
  * Optical fiber beam splitter Thorlabs TT200R5F1A


===== Some things about MPPC =====
==== Some advantages ====
  * Low operation voltage (~53V - 70V)
  * High multiplication ratio (gain) (~10<sup>6</sup>)
  * High photon detection efficiency (up to ~50% at peak sensitivity wavelength)
  * Fast response (a few nanoseconds) and good time resolution
  * Wide spectral response range (wavelength ~270nm - 900nm)
  * Not affected by magnetic fields
  * Highly resistant to mechanical shocks, and does not suffer by incident light saturation
==== Some operation features ====
  * The structures of all the pixels in an MPPC are the same and every pixel consists of an avalanche photodiode and a quenching resistor
  * When one photon comes to a pixel in the MPPC, it will produce one pulse
  * If more than one photon are detected by different pixels at the same time, the MPPC output will be a pulse which is a superimposed of the output pulses of those pixels
  * The output of a pixel is always one pulse and it does not depend on the number of photons coming to the pixel at the same time
==== Reference ====
  * MPPC technical note [[https://www.hamamatsu.com/content/dam/hamamatsu-photonics/sites/documents/99_SALES_LIBRARY/ssd/mppc_kapd9008e.pdf]]
  * LED nano beacon [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168900222005174]]